Acurácia do escore de referência endoscópico para esofagite eosinofílica em crianças / Accuracy of the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score in children

ABSTRACT Background: To assess the efficacy of applying the endoscopic reference score for EoE (EREFS) in children with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction naïve to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing reports and photographs of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGE) and esophageal biopsies of patients with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Patients who were treated with PPI or had other conditions that may cause esophageal eosinophilia were excluded. Results: Of the 2,036 patients evaluated, endoscopic findings of EoE were identified in 248 (12.2%) and more than one abnormality was observed in 167 (8.2%). Among all patients, 154 (7.6%) presented esophageal eosinophilia (≥15 eosinophils per high power field) (P<0.01). In this group, 30 patients (19.5%) had normal endoscopy. In patients with EoE, edema (74% vs 6.5%, P<0.01) and furrows (66.2% vs 2.4%, P<0.01) were more prevalent than in the control group. Association of edema and furrows was more frequent in patients with EoE than in the control group (29.2% vs 1.6%, P<0.01, OR=24.7, CI=15.0-40.5). The presence of more than one endoscopic finding had sensitivity of 80.5%, specificity of 93.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.3%, and accuracy of 92.4%. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that endoscopic features suggestive of EoE had high specificity and NPV for diagnosing EoE in children naïve to PPI therapy. These findings highlight the importance of the EREFS in contributing to early identification of inflammatory and fibrostenosing characteristics of EoE, making it possible to identify and to avoid progression of the disease.

RESUMO Contexto: Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação do escore de referência endoscópico para EoE (EREFS) em crianças com sintomas de disfunção esofágica sem tratamento prévio com inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBP). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional por meio de revisão de laudos e fotos de endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e biópsias de esôfago de pacientes com sintomas de disfunção esofágica. Pacientes tratados com IBP ou com outras condições que podem causar eosinofilia esofágica foram excluídos. Resultados: Dos 2.036 pacientes avaliados, os achados endoscópicos de EoE foram identificados em 248 (12,2%) e mais de uma anormalidade foi observada em 167 (8,2%). Entre todos os pacientes, 154 (7,6%) apresentaram eosinofilia esofágica (≥15 eosinófilos por campo de grande aumento) (P<0,01). Nesse grupo, 30 pacientes (19,5%) apresentaram endoscopia normal. Em pacientes com EoE, edema (74% vs 6,5%, P<0,01) e linhas verticais (66,2% vs 2,4%, P<0,01) foram mais prevalentes quando comparados ao grupo controle. A associação de edema e linhas verticais foi mais frequente em pacientes com EoE do que no grupo controle (29,2% vs 1,6%, P<0,01, OR=24,7, IC=15,0-40,5). A presença de mais de um achado endoscópico teve sensibilidade de 80,5%, especificidade de 93,4%, valor preditivo positivo de 50%, valor preditivo negativo de 98,3% e acurácia de 92,4%. Conclusão: Em conclusão, esse estudo mostrou que as características endoscópicas sugestivas de EoE apresentam especificidade e VPN elevados para o diagnóstico da enfermidade em crianças sem tratamento prévio com IBP. Estes achados reforçam a importância do EREFS em contribuir para a identificação precoce de características inflamatórias e fibroestenosantes, possibilitando identificar e evitar a progressão da doença.

[Perfilamiento del paciente con asma grave eosinofílica para el tratamiento biológico con Mepolizumab y su efectividad en el control de la enfermedad].

Background: Management of severe eosinophilic asthma includes typing to identify allergic, eosinophilic and non-HT2 phenotypes. Elevated eosinophil levels are associated with higher IL-5 levels. Eosinophils during their migration to target tissues secrete proteins that damage the activated bronchial epithelium and correlate with asthma severity. Mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes IL-5. Objectives: To describe experience with the use of biological anti interleukin 5 Mepolizumab. Methods: Case report, descriptive study. We included patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, a history of rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis and/or EREA. Eosinophils 150 cells/µL, FeNO 25 ppb and spirometry with obstructive pattern. Results: 6 women with a diagnosis of severe asthma were included. Initial eosinophil values of 180 - 630 cél/µL, IgE 176 - 2500 Ui/ml, FENO 23 -39, ACT at 2, 4 and 6 months of use, minimum of 9 and maximum end of 25. Significant improvement in the ACT test from the first two months of use, decreased inhaled steroid and 0 to 2 exacerbations in 6 months. Conclusions: There are multiple studies, there are no statistically significant reports to demonstrate superiority with the use of a specific biological, together with the different economic limitations that exist in the country. It is necessary to identify target populations with phenotypes In Mexico there are few hospitals with these therapies, it is necessary to continue with the constant evaluation and contribution of information to find the right treatment for the Mexican population. that will respond to a specific therapy and direct treatment.

Antecedentes: El manejo del asma grave eosinofílica incluye tipificación para identificar fenotipos alérgicos, eosinofílicos y no TH2. Niveles elevados de eosi- nófilos se asocia a mayor nivel de IL-5. Los eosinófilos durante su migración a los tejidos diana, secretan proteínas que dañan el epitelio bronquial activado y se correlacionan con la gravedad del asma. Mepolizumab, anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado que se une y neutraliza la IL-5. Métodos: Describir experiencia con el uso de biológico anti-interleucina 5 Mepolizumab. Objetivos: Reporte de casos, estudio descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con asma grave descontrolada, antecedente de Rinosinusitis con poliposis nasal y/o EREA. Eosinófilos ≥150 células/µL, FeNO ≥25 ppb y espirometría con patrón obstructivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6 pacientes mujeres con diagnóstico de Asma grave. Valores iniciales de eosinófilos de 180 ­ 630 cél/µL, IgE 176 ­ 2500 Ui/ml, FENO 23 -39, ACT a los 2, 4 y 6 meses de uso, mínima de 9 y final máxima de 25. Mejoría considerable en la prueba ACT desde los primeros dos meses de uso, dismi- nucion de esteroide inhalado y 0 a 2 exacerbaciones en 6 meses. Conclusiones: Existen múltiples estudios, no se cuenta con reportes estadísticamente significativos para demostrar superioridad con el uso de algún biológico en específico, aunado a las diferentes limitantes económicas que existen en el país. Es necesario identificar poblaciones objetivo con los fenotipos que responderán a una terapia específica y dirigir el tratamiento. En México hay pocos centros hospitalarios con estas terapias, es necesario continuar con la evaluación constante y aporte de información para poder encontrar el tratamiento idóneo para la población mexicana.

Utilidad en la práctica clínica de la determinación de eosinófilos en el esputo inducido del paciente con asma grave / Usefulness in clinical practice of the determination of eosinophils in the induced sputum of patients with severe asthma

En los últimos años, la determinación demarcadores inflamatorios ha cobrado importancia. Los eosinófilos en el esputo inducido son un ejemplo de ello en el caso del asma grave. Objetivo: Valorar la eosinofilia en esputo como marcador de exacerbaciones, control de la enfermedad y decisión terapéutica. Determinar un punto de corte que indique un peor control del asma. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo de serie de casos de asma grave eosinofílico, a los que se le realizó una prueba de esputo inducido, cuantificando el porcentaje de eosinófilos.Resultados: Se estudiaron 59 pacientes, con edad media de 51,55 ± 13,5 años. La mayoría con Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) > 25. Un 65% fueron mujeres. Respecto a la función pulmonar, lo más frecuente fue la obstrucción moderada y el 68,4% algún biológico. La media de eosinófilos en sangre fue 333,62 ± 475 y en el esputo 7,94 ± 11,43%. Se logró establecer un punto de corte del 4% en el nivel de eosinófilos, relacionado con variables clínicas de control de enfermedad (tandas de corticoides y agudizaciones) para definir peor control (p = 0,013 y 0,033). Fue más significativo en tratados con biológicos. Supuso cambios terapéuticos en el 62,3% y al año una mejora en el ACT de 2,65 puntos. Se estableció correlación entre FeNO y eosinófilos en esputo (coef Pearson -0,280; p = 0,033).Conclusiones: El contaje de eosinófilos en el esputo inducido podría ser un marcador de utilidad en la valoración del control del asma grave eosinofílico y en la toma de decisiones.

In recent years, the determination of inflammatory markers has gained importance.Eosinophils in induced sputum are an example of this in severe asthma. Objetive: Assess sputum eosinophilia as a marker of exacerbations, disease control and therapeutic decision. Determine a cut-off point that indicates worse asthma control. Methodology: Prospective descriptive study of a series of cases of severe eosinophilic asthma, who underwent an induced sputum test, quantifying the percentage of eosinophils. Results: 59 patients were studied, with a mean age of 51.55 ± 13.5 years. The majority had a Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25. 65% were women. Regarding lung function, the most frequent was moderate obstruction and 68.4% some biological. The mean number of eosinophils in blood was 333.62 ± 475 and in sputum 7.94 ± 11.43%. It was possible to establish a cut-off point of 4% in the level of eosinophils, related to clinical variables of disease control (courses of corticosteroids and exacerbations) to define worse control (p = 0.013 and 0.033). It was more significant in those treated with biologicals. It involved therapeutic changes in 62.3% and meant an improvement in the ACT of 2.65 points after one year. A correlation was established between FeNO and sputum eosinophils (Pearson coefficient -0.280; p = 0.033). Conclusions: Eosinophil count in induced sputum could be a useful marker in assessing control of severe eosinophilic asthma and in decision making. (AU)

Actualización del consenso chileno SOCHINEP-SER para el manejo de las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar / Update of the chilean consensus SOCHINEP-SER for the management of recurrent wheezing in preschool children

Las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar son un problema prevalente. 50% de todos los niños tiene al menos un episodio de sibilancias en los primeros 6 años. Sin embargo, solo 4 % de los menores de 4 años tiene diagnóstico de asma. Por este motivo es fundamental realizar una adecuada anamnesis y examen físico tendientes a descartar causas secundarias, lo que debe ser complementado con exámenes de laboratorio de acuerdo con la orientación clínica. En la actualidad se recomienda indicar tratamiento de mantención con corticoides inhalados en aquellos niños que tengan episodios repetidos de obstrucción bronquial y que tengan una alta probabilidad de respuesta favorable a esta terapia. Se ha demostrado que aquellos pacientes que tienen un recuento de eosinófilos en sangre > 300 células por mm3 o aquellos que presentan una prueba cutánea positiva o IgE específicas positivas para alérgenos inhalados, responderán adecuadamente al tratamiento con esteroides inhalados.

Recurrent wheezing in preschoolers has a high prevalence. 50% of all children have at least one wheezing episode in the first six years of life. However, only 4% of children under four years of age are diagnosed with asthma. Therefore, it is essential to carry out an adequate medical history and physical examination to rule out secondary causes, which must be complemented with laboratory tests in accordance with clinical guidance. It is recommended to indicate maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids to those children who have repeated episodes of wheezing and who have a high probability of a good response to this therapy. It has been demonstrated that those patients who have blood eosinophil count > 300 cells per mm3 or those who have a positive skin test or positive specific IgE for inhaled allergens will have a good response to inhaled corticosteroids.

Actualización del consenso chileno SOCHINEP-SER para el manejo de las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar / Update of the chilean consensus SOCHINEP-SER for the management of recurrent wheezing in preschool children

Las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar son un problema prevalente. 50% de todos los niños tiene al menos un episodio de sibilancias en los primeros 6 años. Sin embargo, solo 4% de los menores de 4 años tiene diagnóstico de asma. Por este motivo es fundamental realizar una adecuada anamnesis y examen físico tendientes a descartar causas secundarias, lo que debe ser complementado con exámenes de laboratorio de acuerdo con la orientación clínica. En la actualidad se recomienda indicar tratamiento de mantención con corticoides inhalados en aquellos niños que tengan episodios repetidos de obstrucción bronquial y que tengan una alta probabilidad de respuesta favorable a esta terapia. Se ha demostrado que aquellos pacientes que tienen un recuento de eosinófilos en sangre > 300 células por mm3 o aquellos que presentan una prueba cutánea positiva o IgE específicas positivas para alergenos inhalados responderán adecuadamente al tratamiento con esteroides inhalados.

Recurrent wheezing in preschoolers has a high prevalence. 50% of all children have at least one wheezing episode in the first six years of life. However, only 4% of children under four years of age are diagnosed with asthma. Therefore it is essential to carry out an adequate medical history and physical examination to rule out secondary causes, which must be complemented with laboratory tests in accordance with clinical guidance. It is recommended to indicate maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids to those children who have repeated episodes of wheezing and who have a high probability of a good response to this therapy. It has been demonstrated that those patients who have blood eosinophil count > 300 cells per mm3 or those who have a positive skin test or positive specific IgE for inhaled allergens will have a good response to inhaled corticosteroids.

Clinical and laboratory differences between pediatric hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease infected or not by SARS-CoV-2 / Diferenças clínicas e laboratoriais entre pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados com doença falciforme infectados ou não por SARS-CoV-2

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to identify clinical and complete blood count differences between pediatric hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease infected or not by SARS-CoV-2 and compare the complete blood count of patients with sickle cell disease infected by SARS-CoV-2 before hospitalization and on admission. Methods: This study was a single-center prospective cohort. Data were collected from medical records of pediatric inpatients with sickle cell disease under 18 years old infected or not with SARS-CoV-2 from the first visit to the hospital until discharge and from the last medical appointment. All patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among 57 pediatric patients with sickle cell disease hospitalized from March to November 2020 in a Brazilian academic hospital, 11 (19.3%) had a positive result for SARS-CoV-2. Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 had a higher prevalence of comorbidities than the ones who were not infected (63.6 vs. 30.4%; p=0.046). During hospital stay, no clinical or complete blood count differences between groups were found. There was a decrease in eosinophil count on hospital admission in patients with sickle cell disease infected by SARS-CoV-2 (p=0.008). Conclusions: Pediatric hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease infected by SARS-CoV-2 had more comorbidities and had a decrease in eosinophil count between hospital admission and the last medical appointment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar diferenças clínicas e laboratoriais entre pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados com doença falciforme infectados ou não por SARS-CoV-2 e comparar o hemograma completo de pacientes com doença falciforme infectados por SARS-CoV-2 antes da hospitalização e durante a admissão. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva unicêntrica, cujos dados foram coletados em prontuários de pacientes pediátricos internados com doença falciforme, menores de 18 anos, infectados ou não com SARS-CoV-2, desde a primeira visita ao hospital até a alta e desde a última consulta médica. Todos os pacientes foram testados para SARS-CoV-2 pela transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. Resultados: Dos 57 pacientes pediátricos com doença falciforme internados de março a novembro de 2020 em um hospital universitário brasileiro, 11 (19,3%) apresentaram resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2. Pacientes infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 apresentaram maior prevalência de comorbidades do que aqueles não infectados (63,6 vs. 30,4%; p=0,046). Durante a internação hospitalar, não foram encontradas diferenças clínicas ou laboratoriais entre os grupos. Houve diminuição da contagem de eosinófilos na admissão hospitalar em pacientes com doença falciforme infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 (p=0,008). Conclusões: Pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados com doença falciforme infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 apresentaram mais comorbidades e diminuição da contagem de eosinófilos entre a admissão hospitalar e a última consulta médica.

Association of Peripheral Blood and Cutaneous Eosinophils With Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Severity and Treatment Outcomes / Asociación entre eosinófilos de sangre periférica y cutáneos con la gravedad del penfigoide ampolloso y los resultados terapéuticos

Background and aims A dermal inflammatory infiltrate rich in eosinophils is a prominent histological feature of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and peripheral blood eosinophilia has been documented in 50–60% of BP patients. Nevertheless, the impact of circulating and dermal infiltrate eosinophil levels on BP remains poorly understood. The main objective of this work was to investigate the association of peripheral blood and dermal infiltrate eosinophil levels with clinical and immunological characteristics of the disease. Material and methods Retrospective cohort study including all patients diagnosed with BP between 2011 and 2020. Results The study cohort included 233 patients with BP. The mean baseline peripheral blood eosinophil count was 956.3±408.6×106/L and the mean number of tissue eosinophils at the dermal hot spot area was 30.5±19.0. Patients with disseminated presentation (i.e. BSA>50%) had significantly higher peripheral blood eosinophil counts (P=0.028). Mucosal involvement was significantly associated with lower dermal eosinophil count (P=0.001). Requiring inpatient care and relapsing were significantly associated with high peripheral blood eosinophil count (P=0.025; P=0.020, respectively). Among the 68 patients who experienced a relapse, 31 had peripheral blood eosinophilia (i.e. >500×106/L) at relapse (44.2%). Peripheral blood eosinophil counts at baseline and at relapse were significantly correlated (r=0.82, P<0.001). Conclusion Peripheral blood and cutaneous eosinophils levels may be useful biomarkers for disease activity and treatment outcomes in BP. Monitoring peripheral blood eosinophil counts may allow early detection of relapse (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos El infiltrado inflamatorio dérmico rico en eosinófilos es una característica histológica destacada de penfigoide ampolloso (PA) y eosinofilia en sangre periférica, que se ha documentado en el 50-60% de los pacientes con esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, el impacto de los niveles de eosinófilos circulantes y en infiltrados dérmicos en el PA sigue sin comprenderse. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre los niveles de eosinófilos en sangre periférica y en infiltrados dérmicos y las características clínicas e inmunológicas de esta enfermedad. Material y métodos Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes con PA entre 2011 y 2020. Resultados El estudio de cohorte incluyó 233 pacientes con PA. El recuento de eosinófilos basal medio en sangre periférica fue de 956,3 ± 408,6 x106/L y el número medio de eosinófilos tisulares en la zona dérmica clave fue de 30,5 ± 19. Los pacientes con presentación diseminada (es decir, BSA >50%) tuvieron conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica significativamente superiores (p = 0,028). El compromiso mucoso estuvo significativamente asociado a un conteo de eosinófilos cutáneo inferior (p = 0,001). La necesidad de cuidados hospitalarios y las recaídas estuvieron significativamente asociadas a conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica más elevados (p = 0,025; p = 0,020, respectivamente). Entre los 68 pacientes que experimentaron recidiva, 31 tuvieron eosinofilia en sangre periférica (es decir, > 500 x 106/L) en recaída (44,2%). Los conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica basales y en recaída se correlacionaron significativamente (r = 0,82, p < 0,001). Conclusione Los niveles de eosinófilos en sangre periférica y cutáneos pueden constituir biomarcadores útiles para la actividad de la enfermedad y los resultados terapéuticos en el PA. Supervisar los conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica puede ayudar a detectar la recidiva tempranamente (AU)

[Artículo traducido] Asociación entre eosinófilos de sangre periférica y cutáneos con la gravedad del penfigoide ampolloso y los resultados terapéuticos / Association of Peripheral Blood and Cutaneous Eosinophils With Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Severity and Treatment Outcomes

Antecedentes y objetivos El infiltrado inflamatorio dérmico rico en eosinófilos es una característica histológica destacada de penfigoide ampolloso (PA) y eosinofilia en sangre periférica, que se ha documentado en el 50-60% de los pacientes con esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, el impacto de los niveles de eosinófilos circulantes y en infiltrados dérmicos en el PA sigue sin comprenderse. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre los niveles de eosinófilos en sangre periférica y en infiltrados dérmicos y las características clínicas e inmunológicas de esta enfermedad. Material y métodos Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes con PA entre 2011 y 2020. Resultados El estudio de cohorte incluyó 233 pacientes con PA. El recuento de eosinófilos basal medio en sangre periférica fue de 956,3 ± 408,6 x106/L y el número medio de eosinófilos tisulares en la zona dérmica clave fue de 30,5 ± 19. Los pacientes con presentación diseminada (es decir, BSA >50%) tuvieron conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica significativamente superiores (p = 0,028). El compromiso mucoso estuvo significativamente asociado a un conteo de eosinófilos cutáneo inferior (p = 0,001). La necesidad de cuidados hospitalarios y las recaídas estuvieron significativamente asociadas a conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica más elevados (p = 0,025; p = 0,020, respectivamente). Entre los 68 pacientes que experimentaron recidiva, 31 tuvieron eosinofilia en sangre periférica (es decir, > 500 x 106/L) en recaída (44,2%). Los conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica basales y en recaída se correlacionaron significativamente (r = 0,82, p < 0,001). Conclusione Los niveles de eosinófilos en sangre periférica y cutáneos pueden constituir biomarcadores útiles para la actividad de la enfermedad y los resultados terapéuticos en el PA. Supervisar los conteos de eosinófilos en sangre periférica puede ayudar a detectar la recidiva tempranamente (AU)

Background and aims A dermal inflammatory infiltrate rich in eosinophils is a prominent histological feature of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and peripheral blood eosinophilia has been documented in 50–60% of BP patients. Nevertheless, the impact of circulating and dermal infiltrate eosinophil levels on BP remains poorly understood. The main objective of this work was to investigate the association of peripheral blood and dermal infiltrate eosinophil levels with clinical and immunological characteristics of the disease. Material and methods Retrospective cohort study including all patients diagnosed with BP between 2011 and 2020. Results The study cohort included 233 patients with BP. The mean baseline peripheral blood eosinophil count was 956.3±408.6×106/L and the mean number of tissue eosinophils at the dermal hot spot area was 30.5±19.0. Patients with disseminated presentation (i.e. BSA>50%) had significantly higher peripheral blood eosinophil counts (P=0.028). Mucosal involvement was significantly associated with lower dermal eosinophil count (P=0.001). Requiring inpatient care and relapsing were significantly associated with high peripheral blood eosinophil count (P=0.025; P=0.020, respectively). Among the 68 patients who experienced a relapse, 31 had peripheral blood eosinophilia (i.e. >500×106/L) at relapse (44.2%). Peripheral blood eosinophil counts at baseline and at relapse were significantly correlated (r=0.82, P<0.001). Conclusion Peripheral blood and cutaneous eosinophils levels may be useful biomarkers for disease activity and treatment outcomes in BP. Monitoring peripheral blood eosinophil counts may allow early detection of relapse (AU)

Correlación del recuento de eosinófilos con las proteínas totales y la fosfatasa alcalina en pacientes asintomáticos con niveles normales y elevados de aspartato aminotransferasa de un policlínico de Villa El Salvador en Lima-Perú

Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación del recuento diferencial de eosinófilos con niveles de proteínas totales y fosfatasa alcalina en pacientes con valores normales y elevados de aspartato aminotransferasa pertenecientes a un policlínico de Villa El Salvador en Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y correlacional realizado en pacientes de ambos sexos con edades iguales o mayores a 18 años, aparentemente sanos, con niveles normales y elevados de la enzima aspartato aminotransferasa. 279 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Spearman para determinar grado de correlación entre recuento de eosinófilos con fosfatasa alcalina y proteínas totales en pacientes con niveles normales y elevados de aspartato aminotransferasa. Resultados: No hubo correlación entre las variables estudiadas en el grupo con valores de aminotransferasas normales. Sin embargo, en el grupo que presentó valores de aspartato aminotransferasa elevados se encontró una correlación moderada y negativa entre el recuento de eosinófilos con las proteínas totales (Rho = -465) y correlación baja y positiva con la fosfatasa alcalina (Rho = 296). Conclusiones: En presencia de valores de aminotransferasas superiores al rango normal, los eosinófilos se correlacionan con las proteínas totales y la fosfatasa alcalina. Son necesarios estudios con mayor número de pacientes y complejidad metodológica para determinar si la interacción entre eosinófilos con la albúmina y la fosfatasa ocurre frecuentemente en condiciones de aminotransferasas elevadas, y considerar posibles implicaciones en la fisiopatología de las enfermedades crónicas asociadas a esta enzima, así como posibles repercusiones clínicas y terapéuticas.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between eosinophil differential count and total protein and alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with normal and high levels of aspartate aminotransferase from a polyclinic in the district of Villa El Salvador in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: An observational, analytical and correlational study conducted with apparently healthy male and female patients aged 18 years or older, showing normal and high levels of enzyme aspartate aminotransferase. The study included 279 patients who met the eligibility criteria. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between eosinophil count and alkaline phosphatase and total protein in patients with normal and high levels of aspartate aminotransferase. Results: No correlation was found between the variables studied in the group with normal levels of aminotransferases. However, in the group with high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, a moderate and negative correlation was found between eosinophil count and total protein (Rho = -465) and a low and positive correlation between eosinophil count and alkaline phosphatase (Rho = 296). Conclusions: In the presence of aminotransferase levels above the normal range, eosinophils correlate with total protein and alkaline phosphatase. Further studies with a larger number of patients and greater methodological complexity are necessary to determine if the interaction between eosinophils and albumin and phosphatase is frequently seen with high levels of aminotransferases. Moreover, they are necessary to consider possible implications in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases associated with this enzyme, as well as possible clinical and therapeutic implications.

Relación entre parasitosis intestinal y parámetros bioquímicos y hematológicos en niños de la comunidad Las Trincheras, Venezuela

Objetivo Relacionar la parasitosis intestinal con los parámetros bioquímicos y hematológicos en niños de la comunidad de Las Trincheras. Métodos Se trató de un estudio de tipo descriptivo-correlacional y diseño de campo, transversal, comparativo en 31 niños seleccionados de forma intencional. Se realizó análisis coproparasitológico directo con solución salina, lugol y Kato. Las proteínas totales y albúmina se determinaron por método colorimétrico. Los parámetros hematológicos fueron evaluados por método manual y el grado de eosinofilia se calculó con base en el valor absoluto de eosinófilos. Resultados El 79,5% (31/39) de los niños estudiados presentaron una o más especies de parásitos con predominio de Blastocystis spp. y Endolimax nana en un 74,2%. Ambos sexos fueron afectados por igual (p>0,05) y mostraron un estado nutricional normal en relación con el IMC/E, principalmente en el grupo de edad de 7 a 10 años. Los valores de proteínas totales, albúmina, hemoglobina, hematocrito y leucocitos fueron normales en la mayoría de los niños. La neutrofilia y linfopenia fue una condición observada en el 45,2% de los poliparasitados mientras que la eosinofilia leve (19,4%) fue mucho más frecuente en los niños monoparasitados. Conclusiones En la muestra de estudio no existe asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos y la presencia de parasitosis intestinal, no obstante, las variaciones hematológicas, principalmente neutrofilia, linfopenia y eosinofilia leve presentes en los niños poliparasitados por geohelmintos, son un factor asociado a la helmintiasis intestinal y podrían indicar hábitos de fecalismo dentro de la comunidad.

Objective To relate intestinal parasitosis with biochemical and hematological parameters in children from Las Trincheras community. Methods This was a descriptive-correlational study and cross-sectional, comparative field design in 31 children intentionally selected. Direct coproparasitological analysis was performed with saline, lugol and Kato. Total proteins and albumin were determined by colorimetric method. Hematological parameters were evaluated by manual method and the degree of eosinophilia was calculated based on the absolute value of eosinophils. Results 79.5% (31/39) of the children studied presented one or more species of parasites with a predominance of Blastocystis spp. and Endolimax nana in 74.2%. Both sexes were affected equally (p>0.05) and showed a normal nutritional estatus in relation to BMI/A, mainly in the age group of 7 to 10 years. Total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and leukocyte values were normal in most children. Neutrophilia and lymphopenia were an observed condition in 45.2% of polyparasitic, while mild eosinophilia (19.4%) was much more frequent in monoparasitic children. Conclusions In the study sample there is not statistically significant association between hematological and biochemical parameters and the presence of intestinal parasitosis, despite the hematological variations, mainly neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and mild eosinophilia present in children who are polyparasitic by geohelminths, are a factor associated with intestinal helminthiasis and could indicate fecal habits within the community.

Quantitative assessment of emphysema and bronchial wall thickness in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison between the eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic phenotypes / Avaliação quantitativa de enfisema e espessamento parietal brônquico em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica estável: comparação entre os fenótipos eosinofílico e não eosinofílico

Abstract Objective: To perform a quantitative assessment of bronchial wall thickening and the emphysema score in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), comparing the eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic COPD phenotypes. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of patients with COPD followed between August 2018 and July 2019. The patients were divided into two groups by the eosinophil count in peripheral blood: eosinophilic (≥ 300 cells/µL); and non-eosinophilic (< 300 cells/µL). Quantitative, automated assessments of emphysema and bronchial wall thickness were performed by evaluating computed tomography scans of the chest. Results: We evaluated the records of 110 patients diagnosed with COPD: 28 (25.5%) in the eosinophilic group; and 82 (74.5%) in the non-eosinophilic group. The demographic, clinical, functional, and therapeutic variables were comparable between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the emphysema score or bronchial wall thickness (p > 0.05 for both). Conclusion: Patients with eosinophilic COPD do not appear to have lower emphysema scores or greater bronchial wall thickening than do those with non-eosinophilic phenotypes of the disease.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar quantitativamente o escore de enfisema e o espessamento da parede brônquica de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) estável e comparar os fenótipos eosinofílico e não eosinofílico. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo, que avaliou pacientes com DPOC no período de agosto de 2018 a julho de 2019. Os pacientes foram separados dois grupos, de acordo com o número de eosinófilos periféricos: os eosinofílicos (≥ 300 células/µL) e os não eosinofílicos (< 300 células/µL). Foram realizadas avaliações quantitativas e automatizadas de enfisema e de espessamento brônquico para os dois grupos por meio de tomografia computadorizada de tórax. Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 110 pacientes com o diagnóstico de DPOC, dos quais 28 (25,5%) apresentaram perfil eosinofílico. As variáveis demográficas, clínicas, funcionais e terapêuticas do grupo dos pacientes com perfil eosinofílico foram semelhantes às do grupo não eosinofílico. Não se observaram diferenças significativas em relação ao escore de enfisema e à medida de espessura de parede brônquica entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Neste estudo, os pacientes com fenótipo eosinofílico não apresentaram menor escore de enfisema e nem maior espessamento parietal brônquico.

Association of Peripheral Blood and Cutaneous Eosinophils With Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Severity and Treatment Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A dermal inflammatory infiltrate rich in eosinophils is a prominent histological feature of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and peripheral blood eosinophilia has been documented in 50-60% of BP patients. Nevertheless, the impact of circulating and dermal infiltrate eosinophil levels on BP remains poorly understood. The main objective of this work was to investigate the association of peripheral blood and dermal infiltrate eosinophil levels with clinical and immunological characteristics of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including all patients diagnosed with BP between 2011 and 2020. RESULTS: The study cohort included 233 patients with BP. The mean baseline peripheral blood eosinophil count was 956.3±408.6×106/L and the mean number of tissue eosinophils at the dermal hot spot area was 30.5±19.0. Patients with disseminated presentation (i.e. BSA>50%) had significantly higher peripheral blood eosinophil counts (P=0.028). Mucosal involvement was significantly associated with lower dermal eosinophil count (P=0.001). Requiring inpatient care and relapsing were significantly associated with high peripheral blood eosinophil count (P=0.025; P=0.020, respectively). Among the 68 patients who experienced a relapse, 31 had peripheral blood eosinophilia (i.e. >500×106/L) at relapse (44.2%). Peripheral blood eosinophil counts at baseline and at relapse were significantly correlated (r=0.82, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral blood and cutaneous eosinophils levels may be useful biomarkers for disease activity and treatment outcomes in BP. Monitoring peripheral blood eosinophil counts may allow early detection of relapse.

Colitis eosinofílica asociada a enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Eosinophilic colitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

INTRODUCCIÓN: La colitis eosinofílica y la colitis de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, son dos entidades que pueden compartir similares características clínicas, endoscópicas y terapéuticas pero diferentes criterios diagnósticos. OBJETIVOS: Describir el caso clínico de un niño preescolar con antecedente de alergia alimentaria, de hospitalizaciones y uso de antibióticos por varias ocasiones, que evoluciona con diarrea crónica intermitente. CASO CLÍNICO: Se trata de un paciente masculino, de 3 años 5 meses, con antecedente de alergia alimentaria con cuadro crónico de dolor abdominal, diarrea y retraso en el crecimiento. Se realiza abordaje de diarrea crónica. RESULTADOS: Con hallazgos clínicos de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y descripción histopatológica de colitis eosinofílica, se considera la asociación entre estas dos patologías sin dejar la posibilidad de que esta última se trate de una fase inicial de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento de pacientes con colitis eosinofílica complicada es similar a la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, se requiere seguimiento clínico, endoscópico e histopatológico de pacientes con colitis eosinofílica a largo plazo.

INTRODUCTION: Eosinophilic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease colitis are two entities that may share similar clinical, endoscopic and therapeutic features but different diagnostic criteria. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical case of a preschool child with a history of food allergy, hospitalizations and use of antibiotics for several occasions, who evolves with chronic intermittent diarrhea. CLINICAL CASE: This is a male patient, 3 years 5 months old, with a history of food allergy with chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea and growth retardation. Chronic diarrhea was approached. RESULTS: With clinical findings of inflammatory bowel disease and histopathological description of eosinophilic colitis, the association between these two pathologies is considered without leaving the possibility that the latter is an initial phase of inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of patients with complicated eosinophilic colitis is similar to inflammatory bowel disease, clinical, endoscopic and histopathological follow-up of patients with eosinophilic colitis is required in the long term.

Esofagitis eosinofílica. Un caso clínico no tan raro / Eosinophilic esophagitis. A not so rare clinical case

La esofagitis eosinofílica es una enfermedad crónica de etiología multifactorial inmunomediada localmente en la cual la forma de presentación varía según la edad del paciente, siendo mayoritariamente signos de disfunción esofágica. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante criterio histológico y el tratamiento se fundamenta en dieta y corticoterapia tópica y en caso de presentar estenosis se realizan dilataciones. Un diagnóstico precoz frena la evolución, reduce complicaciones y mejora el pronóstico (AU)

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic disease of multifactorial aetiology locally mediated immune in which the form of presentation varies according to the age of the patient, being mainly signs of esophageal dysfunction. Diagnosis is made by histological criteria and treatment is based on diet and topical corticosteroid therapy and, in the event of stenosis, dilations are performed. An early diagnosis slows down the evolution, reduces complications and improves the prognosis (AU)

[Eosinophilic esophagitis. A not so rare clinical case]. / Esofagitis eosinofílica. Un caso clínico no tan raro.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic disease of multifactorial aetiology locally mediated immune in which the form of presentation varies according to the age of the patient, being mainly signs of esophageal dysfunction. Diagnosis is made by histological criteria and treatment is based on diet and topical corticosteroid therapy and, in the event of stenosis, dilations are performed. An early diagnosis slows down the evolution, reduces complications and improves the prognosis.

Níveis de eosinófilos circulantes e declínio da função pulmonar em doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica estável: um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo / Circulating eosinophil levels and lung function decline in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective longitudinal study

RESUMO Objetivo Discute-se se eosinófilos no sangue (EOS) na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) são associados à evolução da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a contagem diferencial de células brancas do sangue (CBS), os sintomas e o tratamento podem prever o declínio da função pulmonar e as exacerbações em pacientes com DPOC. Métodos Foram retrospectivamente examinados pacientes com DPOC estável submetidos a um monitoramento mínimo de três anos em nossas clínicas ambulatoriais. Coletaram-se informações sobre volumes pulmonares (VEF1 e CVF), contagens total e diferencial de CBS, exacerbações agudas de DPOC (número nos 12 meses anteriores ao início do estudo = EA-DPOC-B; e durante o monitoramento = EA-DPOC-F), status tabagístico e tratamento. Os declínios de VEF1 e EA-DPOC-F foram descritos empregando modelo linear generalizado e regressão binomial negativa com interceptação aleatória de nível 2, respectivamente. Os modelos incluíram contagens de eosinófilo e neutrófilo como potenciais preditores e foram ajustados de acordo com sexo, idade, status tabagístico, EA-DPOC-B, tratamento com broncodilatadores e corticosteroides inalados (CSI). Resultados 68 pacientes foram considerados, dos quais 36 para EOS- (< 170 células/μL, valor da mediana) e 32 para EOS+ (≥ 170 células/μL). ∆VEF1 foi maior em EOS+ do que em EOS- (34,86 mL/ano vs 4,49 mL/ano, p = 0,029). Após o ajuste em relação aos potenciais confundidores, as contagens de eosinófilos (β = 19,4; CI 95% 2,8,36,1; p = 0,022) e CSI (β = -57,7; CI 95% -91,5,-23,9; p = 0,001) foram positivamente e negativamente associadas ao declínio da função pulmonar, respectivamente. Os EOS não foram associados ao número de EA-DPOC-F. Conclusão Em pacientes com DPOC estável, o maior nível de EOS (embora em um intervalo regular) prevê um maior declínio de VEF1, enquanto os CSIs são associados a uma evolução mais lenta da obstrução do fluxo aéreo.

ABSTRACT Objective Whether blood eosinophils (bEOS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with disease progression is a topic of debate. We aimed to evaluate whether the differential white blood cell (WBC) count, symptoms and treatment may predict lung function decline and exacerbations in COPD patients. Methods We retrospectively examined stable COPD patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 years at our outpatients' clinic. We collected information about lung volumes (FEV1, FVC), the total and differential WBC count, acute exacerbations of COPD (number in the 12 months before the beginning of the study=AE-COPD-B, and during the follow-up=AE-COPD-F), smoking status and treatment. FEV1 decline and AE-COPD-F were described by using a generalized linear model and a 2-level random intercept negative binomial regression, respectively. The models included eosinophil and neutrophil counts as potential predictors and were adjusted by sex, age, smoking status, AE-COPD-B, treatment with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Results Sixty-eight patients were considered, 36 bEOS- (<170 cells/μL, the median value) and 32 bEOS+ (≥170 cells/μL). ∆FEV1 was higher in bEOS+ than bEOS- (34.86 mL/yr vs 4.49 mL/yr, p=0.029). After adjusting for potential confounders, the eosinophil count was positively (β=19.4; CI 95% 2.8, 36.1; p=0.022) and ICS negatively (β=-57.7; CI 95% -91.5,-23.9; p=0.001) associated with lung function decline. bEOS were not found to be associated with the number of AE-COPD-F. Conclusion In stable COPD patients, a higher level of blood eosinophils (albeit in the normal range) predicts a greater FEV1 decline, while ICS are associated with a slower progression of airflow obstruction.

Depleción de eosinófilos: muchas implicaciones en modelos múridos, pocas estudiadas en humanos / Eosinophil depletion: many implications in murine models, few studied in humans

The eosinophil is a cell of the immune system, with an arsenal of substances that can alter the balance that exists in the different organs where they are found. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies, concern about their depletion has become an important turning point in their formulation. For this reason, it is of vital importance to investigate the consequences of the mechanism of action of biological agents, in the short and long term. This review tries to show the role of eosinophils in both homeostasis and disease, and their relationship and interaction with monoclonal drugs in diseases focused on the Th2 profile. It is expected that this article can be useful when making the decision to start treatment with monoclonals, specifically anti-interleukin-5 or against its receptor

Prevalence of the eosinophilic phenotype among severe asthma patients in Brazil: the BRAEOS study / Prevalência do fenótipo eosinofílico em pacientes com asma grave no Brasil: o estudo BRAEOS

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalence of the eosinophilic and allergic phenotypes of severe asthma in Brazil, as well as to investigate the clinical characteristics of severe asthma patients in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of adult patients diagnosed with severe asthma and managed at specialized centers in Brazil. The study was conducted in 2019. Results: A total of 385 patients were included in the study. Of those, 154 had a blood eosinophil count > 300 cells/mm3 and 231 had a blood eosinophil count of ≤ 300 cells/mm3. The median age was 54.0 years, and most of the patients were female, with a BMI of 29.0 kg/m2 and a history of allergy (81.6%). The prevalence of patients with a blood eosinophil count > 300 cells/mm3 was 40.0% (95% CI: 35.1-44.9), and that of those with a blood eosinophil count > 300 cells/mm3 and a history of allergy was 31.9% (95% CI: 27.3-36.6). Age and BMI showed positive associations with a blood eosinophil count > 300 cells/mm3 (OR = 0.97, p < 0.0001; and OR = 0.96, p = 0.0233, respectively), whereas the time elapsed since the onset of asthma symptoms showed an increased association with a blood eosinophil count > 300 cells/mm3 (OR = 1.02, p = 0.0011). Conclusions: This study allowed us to characterize the population of severe asthma patients in Brazil, showing the prevalence of the eosinophilic phenotype (in 40% of the sample). Our results reveal the relevance of the eosinophilic phenotype of severe asthma at a national level, contributing to increased effectiveness in managing the disease and implementing public health strategies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos fenótipos eosinofílico e alérgico da asma grave no Brasil e investigar as características clínicas dos pacientes com asma grave no país. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de asma grave atendidos em centros especializados no Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em 2019. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 385 pacientes. Destes, 154 apresentavam contagem de eosinófilos no sangue > 300 células/mm3 e 231 apresentavam contagem de eosinófilos no sangue ≤ 300 células/mm3. A mediana da idade foi de 54,0 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, com IMC de 29,0 kg/m2 e história de alergia (81,6%). A prevalência de pacientes com contagem de eosinófilos no sangue > 300 células/mm3 foi de 40,0% (IC95%: 35,1-44,9), e a daqueles com contagem de eosinófilos no sangue > 300 células/mm3 e história de alergia foi de 31,9% (IC95%: 27,3-36,6). A idade e o IMC apresentaram associações positivas com contagem de eosinófilos no sangue > 300 células/mm3 (OR = 0,97, p < 0,0001 e OR = 0,96, p = 0,0233, respectivamente), ao passo que o tempo decorrido desde o início dos sintomas de asma apresentou associação aumentada com contagem de eosinófilos no sangue > 300 células/mm3 (OR = 1,02, p = 0,0011). Conclusões: Este estudo possibilitou a caracterização da população de pacientes com asma grave no Brasil, mostrando a prevalência do fenótipo eosinofílico (em 40% da amostra). Nossos resultados revelam a relevância do fenótipo eosinofílico da asma grave em nível nacional, contribuindo para aumentar a eficácia no manejo da doença e na implantação de estratégias de saúde pública.